Week 4: Gendered aspects of agriculture and climate change

Archived English Discussions Agriculture and Climate Change
#1

Hello everyone,

Welcome to Week 4 of our discussions. We trust you are still enjoying the discussions and learning more from what is being shared. If you have missed out on previous topics, you can still go back and share your views and experiences.

According to the UN Women “A changing climate poses risks for all of humanity. However, for women and girls in particular, many of whom spend a disproportionate amount of time searching for food, fuel and water, or struggling to grow crops, the differentiated impact is tremendous…Women and girls are also key leaders and agents of change. They play a critical, but often unrecognized, role in climate action and the management of natural resources.”

This week, we will discuss the gendered aspects of climate change. We have some guiding questions for this topic:

  1. As broadcasters, what have women farmers been telling you about how climate change affects their farming practices? Give us concrete examples from your community.
  2. Women often have a strong body of knowledge and expertise that can be used in climate change mitigation, disaster reduction and adaptation strategies…what are some examples from your community?

To help us with our reflection, we are proposing a very interesting report by the Gaia foundation called Celebrating African Rural Women: Custodians of Seed, Food and Traditional Knowledge for Climate Change Resilience.

The report offers “a window into the complexity of women’s agricultural knowledge, and their understanding of the nutritional and cultural needs of the family and the community – all of which lie at the heart of food sovereignty. The report celebrates the vital role that African rural women play in selecting, breeding and enhancing the diversity of their seeds. Kagole Margret Byarufu, from Hoima in Uganda, explains “By learning from the elders we re-discovered exciting things like a type of pumpkin which is as big as a watermelon, but white inside. It grows well when it is dry, cooks well, and you can feed the cows with the outer skin. We have also re-learnt how to mix many different seeds together when planting. Traditionally elders would mix millet and green grams, pumpkin calabash seeds and castor oil as each plays a different role. The different crops use different nutrients from the soil. So they help each other and whatever the weather, something will grow.”

The report captures the voices of women who are actively working with their local communities, reviving seed diversity, and regaining their leadership role - from Ethiopia, Kenya, South Africa, Uganda and Benin. As custodians of encyclopaedic agricultural knowledge, they are both disproportionately affected by the expansion of the industrial model of agriculture and leading the counter movement to ensure that Africa’s food future is diverse and helps cool the planet.”

Click on reply to contribute.

Enjoy the week!

#2
#3

We are looking forward to hearing your views and experiences on this.
@ufitabe, @smawerere, @krizo, @monica

#4

  1. As broadcasters, what have women farmers been telling you about how climate change affects their farming practices? Give us concrete examples from your community.
    The women in Nigeria especially in the South East Region tell us they hear about the recent massive public awareness activities concerning climate change being organized by both government and non-government agencies. The women here are aware there is climate change, they also hear about several weather predictions as broadcast by both government and commercial media stations. The women are talking about hoe excessive sunshine is scorching the lands and make it difficult to store food crops underground. Delays in the coming of rain have changed the timetable for tilling the ground and planting of crops. Leaving crops like yams, cocoyam, potatoes , cassava and other root tubers under the ground as technique of storage pending the coming of first rain in January when they are harvested late for consumption and or re-planting is no longer done because, these crops get rotten due to excessive heat caused by excessive intensity of sunshine and late rains. The usual practice of producing environmental friendly manure through composting, fallowing of grounds using mulching of tree leaves and animal droppings have been affected by extended periods of sunshine and dry season. This has made it difficult for the composts and mulched manures to decay and produce highly potent natural manure; rather what is obtainable now is the composts dry out instead of decaying. The women are talking about increased cost of tilling the lands by hired labors thereby increasing cost of farming. They are also talking about increased pressure on women to feed their households. Family food reserves in yam barns and the like are affected by increased to temperature reducing the shelf lives of stored food crops and hastening their expiry and spoiling times. Women are also talking about the affect the climate change is having on the returns they make from selling the food reserves during dry seasons. In South east Nigeria farmers are forced to sell their food crops at far cheaper than what they would have sold them before now. The shelf life of many of the food crops have been shortened drastically by the climate change. The plantains are not highly affected by increased sunshine and they are dying off and in extreme cases producing very tiny tubers. Ordinarily South Eastern Nigeria is situated is rain forest belt of the nation where women engage a lot in subsistence farming , but climate change and delay in the coming of rains has affected most crops production . The cassava tubers are getting rotten before they are harvested due to underground heat caused by excessive sunshine due to climate change. The yield of the cassava has dropped per acre as compared to earlier times no thanks to climate change. Again Gender-based violence and a lack of control over decisions affecting their own lives increase the pressure of climate change among the women and girls because climate brings food shortage in the families which directly or indirectly put women at higher risks of domestic violence since men show their anger and hunger on women, this the women are either talking about or are silent about.

  2. Women often have a strong body of knowledge and expertise that can be used in climate change mitigation, disaster reduction and adaptation strategies…what are some examples from your community?
    The women from South Eastern Nigeria have knowledge that can be used during climate change to mitigate, reduce disaster and adapt to the changes. Some of these include, the way to preserve drinking water to keep it cold and clean under extreme hot weather condition. The women drink ice cool water in this extreme hot weather condition by burying their large water storage clay pots under the ground while ensuring that sand does not enter into the pots. The family large clay water storage clay pots are buried up to four feet under the ground a device of how to draw water from the pots without contaminations and much stress while keeping the water very cool.

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#5

Women in Malawi are being affected with climate change in one way or another.
Firstly climate change has resulted into erratic rains, sometimes dry spell which makes water tables go down there by creating water scarcity because the water sources are no longer providing enough water. So in our community the responsibility of fetching water is for a woman and with this situation she is forced to wake up early and spend almost half of the day fetching water while her farm work is suffering.
Again when these women have not harvested enough food due to the devastating effects of climate change, they are also responsibilities of their own children in ensuring that they have food so they indulge into other activities to get food. This makes them stop concentrating on their farm work.
Due to climate change there has been floods in some areas within the community and most women were displaced to live in places where they had no land to cultivate, this definitely means they could not realize harvests to sustain them for the other year.
On question two about their knowledge in mitigating effects of climate change and other disasters. After I had talked to some of them I realized that most of them like planting drought resisting local crops like sorghum, cassava and sweet potatoes. However the other the other practices and expertise e.g conservation agriculture is being initiated by agriculture officials and other development partners.

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#6
  1. As broadcasters, what have women farmers been telling you about how climate change affects their farming practices? Give us concrete examples from your community.

Traditionally in my area Busoga, there used to be two planting seasons that is; February-March, then May- June farmers started harvesting crops. The second season could run from August-September and around November- December, farmers were harvesting for the second season. The women were comfortable as they were food secure, they could keep food in granaries for their families. As we talk now all this has changed; rains come late: For instance this is Mach and no rains yet for the farmers to plant or sow seed. It is still very hot in my area.

Women say they could plant early maturing crops like; beans, vegetables and onions on the onset of rains. They could have these for their families and used to cook good traditional food with vegetables! Things are not the same as rains can disappear even within the right season. Also some vegetable seeds cannot just be got from a neighbor as it used to be. Even vegetable seeds have to be bought and it is not easy to keep vegetable seeds, it is better to buy in order to reap. Otherwise nowadays some seeds cannot be kept for re-planting, it may not germinate since biotechnology has changed the natural ways of plant growth. This affects the yields and farmers have to resort to irrigation-a practice that is not widely practiced by most farmers! They lack the culture to irrigate and also lack the necessary equipment.

Also, in some areas of Busoga where they eat or plant finger millet, they could initially sow the millet during the month of January when it was very hot and the millet could stay in the soil till the rains could come at the right time which was around February. Due to climate change and changes in the millet varieties, some millet may not withstand the hot sun when sowed in January. So farmers at times have to wait for the first showers in March and then sow the seed. Imagine where the rains rain for a short while, then the millet yield will be too low or there will be no yield at all. So the women face a challenge of lack of food for their families.

Also, the farmers in my area especially the women say; they used to keep the best quality of seed while waiting for the season to plant. Things have since changed as we are supposed to be buying hybrid seed like Longe 7H and Longe 10H that are high yielding. It is expensive for us to buy seed every season since some of the seed is not even high yielding as they say. Some farmers including a woman in Bupadhengo-Kamuli district were heard to have said this!

Farmers in my area continue saying that these days almost every crop is recommended for spray as there are so many diseases and pests that attack them. They say long ago, they could just spray things like tomatoes, cabbages and may be dipping of cows once in a while. Today, they have to spray all the time due to rampant diseases. A woman who was cooking cassava without source for lunch was heard loudly saying; how will my husband and children eat this food without source, these days it is not easy to even sow dodo seeds (dodo is amaranths), it is not seen, it ca not even grow here! She said. So if you are a good practicing farmer, you have to spray these in order for you to reap something.

  1. Women often have a strong body of knowledge and expertise that can be used in climate change mitigation, disaster reduction and adaptation strategies…what are some examples from your community?

• Yes, the women in my area Busoga have already sensed that climate change is already here and affecting them. In mitigation, they say there are changes they notice like their land is no-longer productive as it used to be. Some of them have joined some farming group in Nawanyago-Nalimawa Zone in Kamuli district called Bandera group. Through this, they have trained and gained skills in conservation agriculture. They say they have leant how to add manure to their gardens using chicken and animal wastes which they use as fertilizer. They say this is aimed at sustaining their land to continue using it for food production. Out of 150 members, 110 members are women.

• On disaster reduction, in the Mountainous areas Elgon especially in the districts of Sironko and Bulambuli, The United Nation Development Programme (UNDP) through its Ecosystem Based Adaptation programme is supporting women groups like the Budadiri Girls Self Help group and local women farmers (although some men are benefiting too), to reduce disasters like land slides and flooding in the low lands which are common disasters here.

• The women and some men are trained to dig trenches in their gardens, planting trees and sustainable agriculture of minimum tillage. They are supported financially to engage in other income generating activities like; sowing, tailoring and Jelly making other than depending on Mt. Elgon natural resources to get firewood for selling and getting bamboo which they have since sold from the mountain. Bamboo is fiber like-used for source or vegetable. They have been growing in the mountain naturally. So to avoid depleting nature and also avoid landslides which result mainly from human activities like deforestation, they now keep busy in other activities from which they earn income while giving chance to nature. This in one way or the other has helped them to be able to live in harmony with nature as well as reduce risks or disasters.

• Also, they are trained to use the forest or natural resources sustainably without depleting them.

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#7

Hello everyone

Thank you @krizo, @smawerere, @sakkie for sharing what women say about agriculture ad climate change.

I have noted that there are similar issues. Gender roles are affected. There are expectations on women that may be affected by climate change. For instance, you mention that there is a shift in food security, women are no longer able to store crops for longer as a result of either rains or hot weather. It is also noted that in Malawi for instance, it is the responsibility of women to fetch water. This poses some problems when there is drought. It is quite interesting also to note that in some areas climate change can result in domestic violence where a man will become aggressive to the wife because of the frustration he is under as he cannot farm the same way.
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How do you as broadcasters address the gender aspects in your programs?

We are still looking forwards to hearing what women farmers are saying in other areas.

@Blackmagic, @Charles @ChugPope @Godfred @Izack_Boniface @Isma_ila_Dan-Muhamma @Jacqueline @jpeprah @Mwesimus @Monica @MartinMwape @Nyangss @oluchichibuzor @princeappiahgh @Peter_Balaba @Sarkodie_Gideon @ufiste @UNIQUE @victorasumani @Wandeba @wengo

#8

Thank you Busi,
You seem to have posed a question to us in line with Gender and climate change specifically you asked us as Broadcasters the way we handle the gender aspects.

Question: How do you as broadcasters address the gender aspects in your programs?

Response: I normally highlight the roles that both men and women play in society. These roles are socially constructed by society; for example; women have to cook, men do not cook, women have to fetch water, men do not fetch water, women grow women crops like; beans, vegetables, cassava, potatoes and millet. These are crops regarded as women crops for feeding their families. Men own up cash crops like; coffee, cotton and sugarcane. I try to address this by telling the masses that both men and women can grow any crops and support each other in balancing between food crops and cash crops. Or in sharing knowledge on things like preservation of food, water and natural resources that can support both of them or their families.

Take an example of Busoga region here in Uganda, most men are going in for sugarcane growing and use bigger portions of land their land for sugarcane growing. When preparing land for sugarcane, they cut all trees to plant sugarcane. This depletes the soil as cane sucks a lot of water from the soil! It is a crop that takes long to mature and occupies land for long. Women are struggling to feed their families where sugarcane has taken over as the main cash crop for men. In this, I have tried to educate the masses on food security and sensitized the men to consider food as life. Without food, no peace in homes and people will go hungry without food; I say it is incumbent upon both the women and women to produce food. With this, I get feedback in a live talk-show or through SMS on my phone with responses from people appreciating the programme and saying they are reducing on sugarcane growing now to sustain their land for food production as well. I tell them there has to be balance between food and cash crops like sugar cane. Some men have reduced planting sugarcane or hiring out their land to out-growers for sugarcane growing.

Also, I have sensitized the men on the gender roles whereby I encourage the men to do the socially constructed roles like looking for firewood, growing of vegetables and to do other things like cooking to help the women. This helps the women to concentrate on other income generating activities also and taking care of children and other family members.

I have also sensitized the men to appreciate the roles played by the women in society that is; the triple roles of reproducing children, production of food and the role of doing social work in society like taking care of the sick, doing work at funerals and fetching water for ceremonies and other roles that women play on society.

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#9

Thank you so much @smawerere for your comments.

I would like to introduce a subject matter specialist, Liz Hosken. Liz Hosken was born in South Africa and was active from a young age in both environmental issues and the anti-apartheid movement. She is the co-founded The Gaia Foundation. The Gaia Foundation is passionate about regenerating cultural and biological diversity, and restoring a respectful relationship with the Earth. Together with long-term partners in Africa, South America, Asia and Europe, they work with local communities to secure land, seed, food and water sovereignty. She will be joining our discussion to give more information and respond to any questions around gender aspects of agriculture and climate change.

Cheers

#10

Thank you all for this important sharing of experience. What I read here is similar in my experience, for women and communities in various countries in Africa. Recently i was in South Africa where there has been a persistent drought. Some women had planted each time there was a little rain, but not enough to enable their crops to grow. After the third time they had no more seeds to plant. Fortunately they were part of a network of communities from a wider area, and they were able to get seeds from women who had received better rainfall. When finally the rain did come in the drier areas they planted the seeds and their crops are doing well.

The lesson here, as those who understand Africa’s seed systems emphasise, is that with climate change it is critical for communities to be connected across wider areas, so that those who suffer a climate event can turn to those women and communities who do not. One of the most knowledgable people about seed systems in Africa is Dr Melaku Worede from, Ethiopia. He studied genetics and went on to set up one of the first Genebanks in Africa, where a diversity of seeds are stored. He became world famous because he chose a different path. Instead of his Genebank serving commercial interests it was dedicated to serve the farmers. Through his work with farmers he realised how much they know about farming, climate, and the wider ecosystem as well as the significance of the cycles of the moon and the constelations. He also recognised that women in most traditions, are custodians and of a wide diversity of seed and the related knowledge of seed breeding, planting, selection, storage. Women also know a lot about wild biodiversity as wild foods play a vital role in times of drought or when crops are growing, and they are very nutritional. This knowledge has been passed on from generation to generation and so have the seeds, which are highly adapted to the local conditions. As someone has commented men also traditionally are responsible for certain crops, but this tends to be fewer than women. When this transfer of knowledge and seed is eroded or broken and modern hybrids are introduced, the diversity is severely diminished. In the context of climate change, communities need to maximize their diversity so they have more options to deal with unstable conditions. There is more to say but I will leave it at that. To learn more about Dr Melaku, here is a link to a film about the important contribution he has made to the continent - : http://www.seedsoffreedom.info/seeds-of-justice/.

#11

Good morning,

Thanks a lot to Liz Hosken (@Gaia18) for her contribution.

I would add, from my own experience, that observation plays a crucial role in the way women farmers deal with the climate conditions they face.

In 2014, I met a woman farmer in the eastern part of Burkina Faso, one of the most arid areas of the country where people use dead leaves as compost. When I asked the reason she was doing it, she said that first of all, she has neither money to buy fertilizers nor livestock to get manure. But looking around her, she noticed that wherever there were shrubs, there were always dead leaves, which seemed to benefit them. This is how she had the idea to collect leaves falling from trees in order to spread them on her field. The results were great from the first season.

Now, many people in her village have adopted this practice. All this to say that women farmers also have local solutions, which help them face weather conditions facing their areas.

Inoussa

#12

Thank you @IMaiga and @Gaia18

Indeed, there is so much women can do amazing things. I like the idea of sharing with other women so that when you experience disastrous weather conditions you can get help somewhere else.

Liz shared Dr Melaku’s link to a film about the important contributions he has made to the continent. I have noticed that most of you have not checked it out yet, check it here http://www.seedsoffreedom.info/seeds-of-justice/

@krizo @monica @smawerere @sakkie @Charles @Izack_Boniface @Jacqueline @Mwesimus @princeappiahgh @Peter_Balaba @ufiste @victorasumani

#13

Greetings again,
Indeed Inoussa what you show here is that when you live close to Nature, as rural women and their communities do, you recognise that Nature is our teacher. The woman farmer you mentioned observed Nature and followed what she saw - leaves covering the ground, protecting the soil, decomposing and recycling their nutrients back into the soil. As many indigenous cultures say, nurture the soil and the soil nurtures you. Diverse cultures across the planet have evolved complex indigenous knowledge systems, rooted in ongoing observation of Natures, following her laws. This practice has sustained cultures in Africa for generations. Then came the colonial deluge. Africans were told their ways were bad, backward, uneducated, and they should follow a foreign way. Today we see the consequences. As Dr Melaku says, the first priority today is to encourage women and their communities to revive their traditional seed diversity and related knowledge and practices. As the global small farmers Food Sovereignty Movement, La Via Campesina says, we need to dignify farming and especially the role of women farmers as custodians of such a wealth of deep ecological knowledge and practice. Yet rural women are told they are uneducated and need to be taught by experts who study at university and have much less practical experience-based knowledge. Agricultural extension officers and seed and agro-chemical companies promote hybrid seed, fertilisers and commercial crops mainly to men, as the modern efficient way to produce food and earn money. Women are sidelined, and as some have said in this discussion, usually some of the land they have been using to grow food for the family is taken over by men for commercial crops. Thus their role and their status in the family and the community is further eroded. With climate change the hybrid seeds are failing because they are not able to adapted to variable conditions. But many communities have lost their diverse traditional varieties because they have been persuaded that the modern seeds and the fertilisers they depend on are better.

We have been working with rural communities in many parts of Africa to revive their knowledge and traditional seed diversity, and reclaim their seed and food sovereignty. In this process the knowledgable women and men elders in the community are central, because they are the ones who hold the knowledge that has been passed onto them from their parents and grandparents. When they die, this heritage will be lost forever, as is the case in the modern western world. We believe this work is critical in order for rural communities to be better equipped to deal with climate change. Reclaiming the rich heritage of traditional knowledge about agriculture and the land also rebuilds the confidence of the communities in their ancestry and their identity. It is this confidence in themselves that enables communities and especially women farmers, to take back control of their lives, get organised and learn from their own elders, who are the real experts in reading the land and from this, finding ways to respond to the changing conditions. This is what we call ‘eco-literacy’ which comes from lived experience. This is what I see in Inoussa’s story. Thank you.

#14

How Climate Change is affecting women farmers
The women farmers still have issues with the unreliable and confusing weather conditions, lack of storage facilities prompting weevils that encroach in their crops like maize and beans. They have also complained much about the unceasing rains especially to the time of harvest that causes their crops to start rotting before reaching their maturity stage; an example they say is beans and cassava at times. There is also the issue of pests and diseases including rodents and birds that evade their farms leading to destruction.
I have just returned from the village in Bududa district Eastern Uganda and the farmers their including my own my mother is in tears. The rains have become treacherous; when at the beginning of March it started raining and the subsequent announcement by the meteorology that the rains had started, majority embarked on serious planting but soon after it is back to scotching heat across the country. What a waste! and they say now that the real planting season which is meant to be March is running out.
Grass for their livestock my mum told has been affected by the draught and the quantity of milk is gone low while their animals are losing weight and becoming dehydrated.

Mitigation measures
I have seen those women farmers that have gardens along River Manafwa practicing irrigation scheme by digging trenches directing water to their farms and the crops there I saw are responding positively.
For storage purpose, over the years the women have adopted the rudimentary method of fixing some crops on roof tops and above fires in the kitchen area, besides a few existing granaries in certain homes.
To protect their crops from pests, diseases, birds and rodents women farmers in my community use spraying methods but also the use of scarecrows in the rice, maize, and millet and sorghum plantations is widely being practiced.
Those who are practice mixed farming are meanwhile using composed manure, mulching and have also adopted the use of digging terraces on mountain slopes to avoid soil erosion, they also use trenches and small ponds in which water can collect and later used when it becomes dry for long.
The climate conditions have also made their women to start planting elephant grass along the streams for constant supply of pasture to their livestock ,but the elephant grass is also being planted across their plantations in slopping areas to hold the soils together to avoid erosion and landslides.

#15

Thank you very much Gaia 18 for sharing your experience and for the link that you have sent.

I think you are Liz Hosken that Busi had said will share with us about our topic: Gender aspects of agriculture and climate change.

Thank you Liz for the good info once again, however, i would like to seek your advise on climate change and extinction of species. In Uganda, we see that some good plants, wild food and fruits are facing extinction! This poses a big challenge in terms of knowledge sharing and securing of such plants. The young generation of today may not even know some plants and how they look! Uganda has set up a gene bank mainly NGOs being behind it. it is set miles away from farmers and it is not popularized for people to know the use, and we are yet may be to know more to inform the population. So my question on this is: how do we promote biodiversity in times of loss and extinction now as broadcasters?

Thank you.

#16

How climate change affect women

Women are the most affected members of the society when it comes to climate change. Recently, while walking through villages, I met women who were looking for water. All water sources had dried up including boreholes, springs etc. While in January, there was abundance of rainfall which caused flooding in the region. Some lost their homes due to the same and firewood was a challenge. Women had to get out and search for plastics to use as firewood to make sure their families had meals.

Most subsistence farming is done by women. Most of them are the breadwinners to their families. In our region the planting season starts in March where we have some rains. Unlike other years, the year 2016 is quite different where the Month of March has been the hottest. Everything is dried up. Nothing left to chance. It is the responsibility of this woman to look for anything edible to prevent the family from starving.

Mitigation Measures

Through our Farmers Forum, one expert informed us to be used to water harvesting when there is plenty of rain. These water can be used for irrigation in small scale farming.
To curb flooding which leads to displacement, it was advised not to tamper with the river bank.

Enough information should be spread out concerning climactic changes and which crops are suitable to plant when the rains are maximum and when they are minimum.

#17

@smawerere yes @Gaia18 is Liz. Your question has been noted and she will respond to it.

It is quite clear women farmers have a big role to play in farming taking into consideration the climate change.

The experiences you have shared are examples. Women in rural areas used to complain more about the changes imposed on them by agricultural authorities that it doesn’t produce same yield. Encouraging them to go back to the traditional ways surely will make an impact. It will make people

With the changing climatevand extreme weather conditions farmers also need to adjust their farming practices. As @wengo says, practising water harvesting can assist somehow but what happens when there is too much rain that destroys the crops as mentioned by @wandeba? It is thefore important to share experiences from other farmers who encountered the same problem and how they dealt with the situation.

#18

Helo Busi,

1.Climate change is really an issue to women farmers in my working are and Malawi as a whole. Erratic rains ans sometimes no rains at all, is causing some crops in the fields to die and farmers are desperate for solutions.
for example; women farmers in Mulanje are experiencing hard time after their maize plants turned onion like because of erratic rains. They planted the first lot which looked like onion, then they uprooted and when the rains appeared for the second phase they planted the second lot which also had the same fate. Now they are depending on the sweet potato vines which the Ministry of Agriculture have distributed.
The other issue is that sourcing water is very difficult as the wells they used have dries up forcing them to walk long distances to find clean drinking water.

  1. Most of the women farmers are trying to overcome this situation by going for dambo land where they can irrigate some crops though its still rainy season. They are irrigating vegetables, Irish potatoes and Tomatoes. These crops are being used as IGAs, mostly the vegetables. Inturn they are buying food for their household.
#19

Thanks @Monica for your insightful thoughts and comments. It seems like sourcing water and erratic rains are an issue for many farmers in many regions. I wanted to draw people’s attention to two stories we publish on Barza Wire which talk about resilient women farmers and how they are dealing with these struggles. I thought the following stories would be interesting for you to look at: http://wire.barza.fm/en/farmer-stories/2016/03/zimbabwe-farmers-adopt-drip-irrigation-13853 and http://wire.barza.fm/en/farmer-stories/2016/01/malawi-crop-residues-help-farmers-save-maize-from-dry-spell-13476

#20